View source for Weapons:Borchardt C-93

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Borchardt C93
| image              = C-93_cropped.png
| image_size         = 300px
| caption            = Borchardt C93
| origin             = [[German Empire]]
| type               = [[Semi-automatic pistol]]
 <!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = yes
 <!-- Service history -->| service            = 1895–1945
| used_by            = 
| wars               = <!-- Production history -->
| designer           = [[Hugo Borchardt]]
| design_date        = 1893
| manufacturer       = [[Ludwig Loewe & Company]]
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1893–1902
| number             = 3,100
| variants           = <!-- General specifications -->
| weight             = {{convert|1160|g|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{convert|355|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = {{convert|195|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 
| crew               = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge          = [[7.65×25mm Borchardt]]
| action             = Toggle-lock [[recoil action]]
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 8-round detachable [[Box magazine|box]] [[Magazine (firearms)|magazine]]
| sights             = [[Iron sights]]
}}

The '''Borchardt C93''' is a [[semi-automatic pistol]] designed by [[Hugo Borchardt]] in 1893. 

The design is based upon the [[Maxim gun]]'s [[Blowback (firearms)|toggle lock]] model. 

Borchardt developed the high-velocity, bottlenecked [[7.65×25mm Borchardt]] cartridge for the C93. His assistant at the time, [[Georg Luger]], also claimed to have influenced its design. Machine tool manufacturer [[Ludwig Loewe & Company]] of [[Berlin]], Germany, produced the C93 in anticipation of military orders. With about 1,100 manufactured by Loewe and nearly 2,000 more produced by [[Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken]] (DWM), the Borchardt C93 was the first mass-produced semi-automatic pistol.<ref name="nra">{{cite journal |last=Antaris |first=Leonardo M. |year=2017 |title=In the Beginning |journal=[[American Rifleman]] |volume=165 |issue=10 |pages=76&77 |publisher=[[National Rifle Association of America]] }}</ref>

==Design and history==
The pistol used a toggle lock system, which meant that when the gun fired, a two-piece arm rose and flexed as the gun recoiled, thus allowing the [[Breech-loading weapon|breech]] to unlock and release the empty cartridge case.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bull |first=Stephen |title =Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation |publisher =Greenwood Publishing Group |date =2004 |page =45 |isbn =1573565571}}</ref>

DWM employed [[Georg Luger]] to promote the Borchardt pistol in military and commercial channels. The pistol was tested by the U.S. Navy as early as 1894 and later by the U.S. Army. Although it was accurate and its rate of fire was rapid, the Borchardt pistol was expensive to produce and unwieldy to handle due to its almost vertical grip and distribution of weight. Furthermore, its recoil was unexpectedly powerful. These criticisms were noted in the Swiss Army field tests. However, Borchardt refused to make any changes to his original design. DWM then appointed Georg Luger to make the requested improvements to the pistol. Luger took the Borchardt design, using the shorter [[7.65×21mm Parabellum]] cartridge, which allowed him to incorporate a shorter stroke of the toggle mechanism and a narrower, angular grip. Luger's design eventually became the [[Luger P08 pistol|Luger Parabellum pistol]].<ref name=nra/>

The cartridge used in the Borchardt C93 Pistol was the basis for the primary cartridge used in the [[Mauser C96]] pistol ([[7.63×25mm Mauser]]); they have the same dimensions, but the 7.63&nbsp;mm Mauser generally had a more powerful powder charge (contemporary loading data indicated it took approximately 20% more powder than the Borchardt) and is considered to be too strong to be used in a Borchardt C93. Nonetheless, cartridge boxes from some manufacturers were marked "For Borchardt and Mauser Automatic Pistols."

The Borchardt C93 was manufactured and sold solely in its proprietary caliber, the [[7.65×25mm Borchardt]]. Some test models were made in [[7.65×21mm Parabellum]] and 9×18mm Borchardt, an experimental bottlenecked cartridge developed in 1902.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Borchardt C93 with magazine.jpg|Borchardt C93 with magazine and dummy wooden magazine
Image:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R30019,_Dr._Carl_Peters.jpg|[[Carl Peters]] with a Borchardt C93 as his sidearm
Image:Cased Borchardt Pistol.JPG|Cased Borchardt C93-Pistol
Image:Borchardts Selbstladerpistole.jpg|Illustrated pictures collection
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Goertz, Joachim and Sturgess, Geoffrey ''The Borchardt & Luger Automatic Pistols'', Brad Simpson Publishing and G.L. Sturgess, 2010 and 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-9727815-8-9}}.
* Hogg, Ian and Weeks, John, ''Pistols of the World, Fully Revised, 3rd Edition''. DBI Books, Inc., 1992, {{ISBN|0-87349-128-9}}.
* Springfield Armory Museum - Collection Record, PISTOL, SEMI-AUTOMATIC -  GERMAN PISTOL BORCHARDT MODEL 1894 7.63MM SN# 649, [http://ww2.rediscov.com/spring/VFPCGI.exe? * Henrotin, Gerard ''The Borchardt pistol explained'', HLebooks.com, 2011 IDCFile=/spring/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=9707,DATABASE=objects],

==External links==
{{Commons category|Borchardt C93}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061214203621/http://www.mek-schuetzen.de/Blueprints/Borchardt_Autoloading_Pistol.png Exploded diagram of a Borchardt pistol]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=787nNUZ1PlQ: YouTube animation showing mechanism of Borchardt C93 pistol]

[[Category:19th-century semi-automatic pistols]]
[[Category:Semi-automatic pistols of Germany]]