View source for 9th century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from 801 to 900}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Centurybox|9}}
The '''9th century''' was a period from [[801]] (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] DCCCI) through [[900]] (CM) in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]].

The [[Carolingian Renaissance]] and the [[Viking raids]] occurred within this period. In the Middle East, the [[House of Wisdom]] was founded in [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[Baghdad]], attracting many scholars to the city. The field of [[algebra]] was founded by the Muslim polymath [[al-Khwarizmi]]. The most famous Islamic scholar [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] was tortured and [[Imprisonment|imprisoned]] by Abbasid official [[Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad]] during the reign of Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tasim]] and caliph [[al-Wathiq]]. In Southeast Asia, the height of the [[Mataram Kingdom]] happened in this century, while Burma would see the establishment of the major kingdom of [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan]]. [[Tang china|Tang China]] started the century with the effective rule under [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang|Emperor Xianzong]] and ended the century with the [[Huang Chao#Rebellions|Huang Chao rebellions]]. In America, the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] experienced widespread [[Classic Maya collapse|political collapse]] in the central Maya region, resulting in [[Internecine war|internecine warfare]], the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population.

==West Africa==
[[File:Bronze_head_and_ram%27s_head.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Bronzes made around the 9th century, some of the bronzes found at [[Igbo-Ukwu]].<ref name=met>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm |last=Apley |first=Alice |title=Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th century) |access-date=2008-11-23 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053356/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm| archive-date= 4 December 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| url-status= live}}</ref>]]

===Southeastern Nigeria===
{{details|Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu}}
Around the 9th century, the [[Igbo people]] of what is now southern [[Nigeria]] developed bronze casts of [[human]]s, [[animal]]s, and [[legendary creature]]s. These bronzes, which were used as vessels, amulets, pendants, and sacrificial tools, are among the earliest made bronzes ever found in Nigeria. Most items were part of a burial of a nobleman culture in the northern part of the [[Igboland]].

===Ghana Empire===
{{details|Ghana Empire}}
The [[Ghana (Wagadu) Empire]] (before {{circa|830}} until {{circa|1235}}) was located in what is now southeastern [[Mauritania]] and western [[Mali]]. It is considered the first of the [[Sahelian Kingdoms]], which would exist in some form until the early 20th century.

==Western Europe==

=== Britain and Ireland ===
[[Britain in the Middle Ages|Britain]] experienced a great influx of [[Viking]] peoples in the 9th century as the [[Viking Age]] continued from the previous century. The kingdoms of the [[Heptarchy]] were gradually conquered by the Danes, who set up Anglo-Saxon puppet rulers in each kingdom. This invasion was achieved by a huge military force known as the [[Great Heathen Army]], which was supposedly led by [[Ivar the Boneless]], [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]], and [[Guthrum]]. This Danish army first arrived in Britain in [[865]] in [[Kingdom of East Anglia|East Anglia]]. After conquering that kingdom, the army proceeded to capture the city of [[York]] ([[Jorvik]]) and establish the kingdom of [[Jorvik]]. The Danes went on to subjugate the kingdom of [[Northumbria]] and to take all but the western portion of [[Mercia]]. The remaining kingdom of [[Wessex]] was the only kingdom of the [[Heptarchy]] left. [[Alfred the Great]] managed to maintain his kingdom of [[Wessex]] and push back the Viking incursions, relieving the neighbouring kingdoms from the threat of the Danes following his famous victory over them at the [[Battle of Ethandun]] in [[878]]. Alfred re-established [[Anglo-Saxon]] rule over the western half of [[Mercia]], and the [[Danelaw]] was established which separated [[Mercia]] into halves, the eastern half remaining under the control of the Danes.

[[Ireland]] was also affected by the Viking expansion across the [[North Sea]]. Extensive raids were carried out all along the coast and eventually, permanent settlements were established, such as that of [[Dublin]] in [[841]]. Particular targets for these raids were the monasteries on the western coast of Ireland, as they provided a rich source for loot. On such raids the [[Vikings]] set up impermanent camps, which were called [[longphorts]] by the Irish—this period of Viking raids on the coasts of Ireland has been named the longphort phase after these types of settlements. Ireland in the 9th century was organised into an amalgam of small kingdoms, called [[tuatha]]. These kingdoms were sometimes grouped together and ruled by a single, provincial ruler. If such a ruler could establish and maintain authority over a portion of these tuatha, he was sometimes granted the title of [[High King of Ireland|High King]].

[[Scotland]] also experienced significant Viking incursions during the 9th century. The Vikings established themselves in coastal regions, usually in northern Scotland, and in the northern islands such as [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]]. The Viking invasion and settlement in Scotland provided a contributing factor in the collapse of the kingdoms of the [[Picts]], who inhabited most of Scotland at the time. Not only were the Pictish realms either destroyed or severely weakened, the Viking invasion and settlements may have been the reason for the movement of [[Kenneth MacAlpin]], the king of [[Dál Riata]] at that time. The kingdom of [[Dál Riata]] was located on the western coast of Scotland, and Viking incursions destroyed it after the death of its previous king, [[Áed mac Boanta]] in 839, according to the [[Annals of Ulster]]. This may have caused the new king, MacAlpin, to move to the east, and conquer the remnants of the Pictish realms. MacAlpin became king of the Picts in 843 and later kings would be titled as the [[King of Alba]] or [[King of Scots]].

=== Art ===
Art in the 9th century was primarily dedicated to the Gospel and employed as basic tools of liturgy of the Roman Orthodox Church. Thousands of golden art objects were made: Sacred cups, vessels, reliquaries, crucifixes, rosaries, altarpieces, and statues of the Virgin and Child or Saints all kept the flame of western art from dying out. Architecture began to revive to some extent in the West by the 9th century, taking the form of Church facilities of all kinds, and the first castle fortifications since Roman times began to take form in simple "moat and bailey" castles, or simple "strong point" tower structures, with little refinement.

== Events ==
[[Image:East-Hem 800ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 9th century.]]
[[Image:East-Hem 900ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 9th century.]]

*[[800s (decade)|800s]]: [[Maritime Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]n kingdoms of Muja (then pagan [[Brunei]]/Vijayapura) and Mayd ([[Ma-i]]) waged war against the Chinese Empire.<ref name="Bruneianevidence">{{Cite journal|last=Nicholl|first=Robert|date=1983|title=Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=32–45|doi=10.1017/S0022463400008973 |jstor=20174317 |s2cid=161541098 |issn=0022-4634}}</ref>
* [[802]]: [[Jayavarman II]] of the [[Khmer people]] in [[Cambodia]] founds the [[Khmer empire]] and establishes the Angkorian dynasty.
* [[803]]: Construction on the [[Leshan Giant Buddha]] in [[Tang dynasty]] [[China]] is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
* [[805]]–[[820]]: [[Tang dynasty]] was under the rule of [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang]].
* [[809]]–[[815]]: War between the [[Byzantine empire]] and [[Bulgaria]].
* [[811]]: [[Battle of Pliska]] fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor [[Nicephorus I]] and a [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian]] army commanded by Khan [[Krum]]. Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, culminating with the death of [[Nicephorus I]].
* [[813]]: [[Battle of Versinikia|Byzantines are heavily defeated by the Bulgars at Versinikia]].
* [[813]]: China is reunited.{{clarify|date=July 2013}}
* c. [[813]] – c. [[915]]: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
* [[814]]: [[Charlemagne]] dies in the city of [[Aachen]].
* [[815]]: A [[Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 815|30-year peace agreement]] is signed between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.
* [[820]]: [[Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] writes his treatise on Algebra [[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]].
* [[824]]: [[Han Yu]] dies.
* [[825]]: [[Battle of Ellandun]]: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Mercia and establishes the kingdom of Wessex as the supreme Kingdom in England.
* [[825]]: [[Borobudur]] is completed during the reign of [[Samaratungga]].<ref name="Dumarcay">Dumarçay (1991).</ref><ref name="Paul Michel Munoz 2007 143">{{cite book|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula| author=Paul Michel Munoz| publisher=Didier Millet| year=2007| isbn= 978-981-4155-67-0| page=143| location=Singapore}}</ref>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Borobudur]] was likely founded around 800.<ref name="Soekmono9">Soekmono (1976), page 9.</ref> This corresponds to the period between 760 and 830, the peak of the [[Sailendra|Sailendra dynasty]] in central Java,<ref>Miksic (1990)</ref> when it was under the influence of the [[Srivijaya|Srivijayan Empire]]. The construction has been estimated to have taken 75 years and been completed during the reign of [[Samaratungga]] in 825.<ref name="Dumarcay" /><ref name="Paul Michel Munoz 2007 143"/>]]
* [[827]]–[[902]]: [[Aghlabid]]s established emirate (province) in [[Sicily]] and subsequently raids Southern Italy.
* [[830]]: The [[Ghana (Wagadu) Empire]] is established.
* [[830]]: The [[House of Wisdom]], a library and translation institute established in [[Baghdad]] by [[al-Ma'mun]], [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]], to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc. to the Muslim world. [[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]], a book of [[algebra]], is also written there by [[Al-Khwarizmi]].
* [[835]]: [[Sweet Dew Incident]] occurs. [[Emperor Wenzong of Tang|Emperor Wenzong]] of the [[Tang dynasty]] conspires to kill the powerful [[eunuch]]s of the Tang court, but the plot is foiled.
* [[839]]–[[842]]: [[Bulgar–Serbian War (839–842)|Vlastimir defeats Presian]].
* [[840]]: Death of [[Louis the Pious]].
* [[841]]: [[Dublin]] is founded on the east coast of Ireland by the [[Vikings]].
* [[842]]: Samaale becomes chief of the Hashiyah clan and launches the conquest of Somalia. This paves the way for Hashiyic colonisation of the Peninsular, displacing the native Cushitic peoples of Somalia
* [[843]]: The Carolingian Empire is at its height in territory and area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Succession of the Carolingian Empire, 843 CE|url=http://www.cmunce.org/portfolio-item/succession-of-the-carolingian-empire/|quote=The year is 843 C.E., and the Carolingian Empire has reached the peak of its expansion, covering more territory in Western Europe than any other dynasty since the Roman Empire.|website=Cmunce.org|publisher=Columbia Model United Nations Conference and Exposition|access-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225010946/http://www.cmunce.org/portfolio-item/succession-of-the-carolingian-empire/|archive-date=25 December 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The three sons of [[Louis the Pious]] reach an agreement known as the [[Treaty of Verdun]] and split the [[Carolingian empire]] into three divisions; [[East Francia]] was given to [[Louis the German]], [[West Francia]] to [[Charles the Bald]] and [[Middle Francia]] to [[Lothair I]].
* [[844]]: The first Viking raid in Iberia
* [[845]]: [[Buddhism]] is persecuted and banned in China.
* [[846]]–[[859]]: [[Emperor Xuānzong of Tang]] reigned. He was considered{{by whom|date=January 2017}} the last capable emperor of the [[Tang dynasty]].
* [[846]]: 11,000 [[Saracen]] Arab squadrons from Africa, with 500 horses, desecrate [[Christianity|Christian]] shrines in [[Rome]], including the tombs and basilicas of Sts. Peter and Paul.
* [[848]]–[[852]]: The west bank of the [[Tiber]] is annexed into the city of [[Rome]]. A [[defensive wall]], commissioned by [[Pope Leo IV]], is built around what came to be called the [[Leonine City]] as a defensive response to the [[Saracen]] desecration of [[Rome]] in [[846]].
* [[850]]–[[875]]: The first [[Norsemen|Norse settlers]] arrive on [[Iceland]].
* [[850s]]: The [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Berbers|Berber]] dynasty [[Banu Isam]] is founded in [[Ceuta]].
* [[851]]: The Arab merchant [[Sulaiman al-Tajir]] visits the Chinese [[seaport]] at [[Guangzhou]] in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of [[porcelain]], the Islamic [[mosque]] built at Guangzhou, the [[granary]] system of the city, and how its [[municipal]] administration functioned.
* [[856]]: [[Prambanan]] is completed.<ref name="Miksic 1997">[[John N. Miksic|Miksic]] (1997)</ref> According to the [[Shivagrha inscription]], [[Rakai Pikatan]]&nbsp;— the husband of [[Pramodhawardhani]]&nbsp;— defeated [[Balaputra]].
* [[859]]: Muslims establish the [[University of Al Karaouine]] as a [[madrasa]] in [[Fez, Morocco]].
* [[860]]: [[Balaputra]], the maharaja of [[Sumatra|Suvarnadvipa]] and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the Buddhist temple and monastery in [[Nalanda]] [[India]], on the land given by King Devapaladeva. of Pala in Benggala, according to the [[Nalanda inscription]].<ref>Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.46</ref>
* [[861]]: Assassination of [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]] (r. 847–861) and decline of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]].[[File:Al-Mutawakkil.png|thumb|Coin issued during [[al-Mutawakkil]]'s reign in the mid-9th century]]
* [[862]]: The beginning of the [[Rurik dynasty]] in [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']].
* [[863]]: The Chinese author [[Duan Chengshi]] describes the [[History of slavery|slave trade]], [[ivory trade]], and [[ambergris]] trade of [[Somalia]] in [[East Africa]].
* [[862]]: The [[Bagratuni dynasty]] of [[Medieval Armenia]] begins with [[Ashot I of Armenia|Ashot I]].
* [[863]]–[[879]]: [[Photian schism|Period of schism]] between Eastern and Western churches.
* [[864]]: [[Christianization of Bulgaria]] under [[Boris I of Bulgaria|Boris I]]
* [[867]]: Onward revival of the [[Byzantine Empire]] under the [[Macedonian dynasty]].
* [[868]]: [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]] breaks away from the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] and establishes the independent [[Tulunid]] dynasty.
* [[869]]: An [[869 Jogan Sanriku earthquake|earthquake and tsunami]] struck [[Japan]]'s [[Sanriku Coast|Sanriku coast]], killing 1,000 people.
* [[869]]–[[883]]: [[Zanj Rebellion]] against the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]
* [[870]]: [[Christianization of the Serbs]].
* [[870]]: [[Prague Castle]] founded.
* [[871]]–[[899]]: Reign of [[Alfred the Great]], the first king of the English.[[File:Alfred theGreat.jpg|thumb|Alfred the Great led [[Wessex]] at its height in the 9th century]]
* [[872]]: [[Iceland]] settled by [[Ingolfur Arnarson]] from [[Norway]].
* [[875]]–[[884]]: [[Huang Chao]] leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the [[Tang dynasty]] in China.
* [[878]]: [[Battle of Ethandun]] results in the victory of [[Alfred the Great]] over the Danish warlord [[Guthrum]].
* [[885]]: Arrival of the disciples of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]], [[Clement of Ohrid]] and [[Naum of Preslav]] in Bulgaria. Development of the [[Cyrillic Alphabet]].
* [[885]]: [[Abbo Cernuus]] becomes witness to the [[Siege of Paris (885–886)|Siege of Paris]] by Vikings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwlQyQ_WAtYC |title=Paris: Biography of a City |date=2006-04-06 |publisher=Penguin Adult |isbn=978-0-14-028292-4 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[AD 888|888]]: The [[Carolingian Empire]] declines and falls after the death of [[Charles the Fat]].
* [[893]]: [[Council of Preslav]] - [[Vladimir of Bulgaria|Vladimir-Rasate]] is dethroned and succeeded as Prince of Bulgaria by [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]]; the capital is moved from [[Pliska]] to [[Preslav]]; the Byzantine clergy is expelled and replaced by Bulgarian; [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Bulgarian]] becomes the official language of the country.
* [[895]]/[[896]]: The year of the [[Magyars]] arrival in [[Pannonia]]. This year is widely accepted as the beginning of the Hungarian "Landtaking".
* [[899]]: King Alfred the Great of Wessex, First King of The English, dies.
* [[900]]: The oldest text discovered in the [[Philippines]]—an acquittance document in [[Old Javanese]]—is inscribed on a copperplate in [[Luzon]]. The acquittance took place on 21 April 900<ref>Julian equivalent of the indicated Hindu calendar date: the 4th day, a [[Hindu calendar#Weekday/Vāsara|Monday]], of the [[Hindu calendar#Paksha|darkening half]] of the month [[Vaisakha]] in [[Shaka era|Shaka year]] 822</ref> and involved several aristocrats and high-ranking officials from kingdoms within the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, and Java. The document is currently called the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription|Laguna copperplate inscription]]. 
* Late 9th century: [[Bulgaria]] stretches from the mouth of the [[Danube]] to [[Epirus]] and [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]].
* Late 9th century: [[Pallava dynasty]] ends in [[Southern India]].[[File:Kyoto, -Tojiin Nishimachi. Cherry blossoms 2015 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|To-ji in Kyoto, completed in the late 9th century]]
* Late 9th century: Womb World mandala, [[To-ji]], [[Kyoto]], is made. [[Heian period]].

=== Unknown date ===

* Reign of [[Charlemagne]], and concurrent (and controversially labeled) [[Carolingian Renaissance]] in Western Europe.
* An unknown event causes the [[Maya civilization#Decline of the Maya|decline]] of the [[Maya Classical Era]].
* [[Beowulf]] might have been written down in this century; alternatively, it could also have been in the 8th century.
* Large-scale [[Viking]] attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people.
* [[Oseberg]] [[ship burial]].
* The [[Magyars]] begin their conquest of [[Pannonia]] (roughly modern-day [[Hungary]]), a process that will take several decades to be completed.
* The [[Tukolor]] settle in the [[Senegal (river)|Senegal]] river valley.
* [[Muslim]] traders settle in the northwest and southeast of [[Madagascar]].
* In [[Italy]], some cities became free republics: for instance [[Forlì]], in [[889]].
* The Christian [[Nubia]]n kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power. ([[Early history of Sudan]]).
* [[Harald I of Norway|Harald Fairhair]] was victorious at the [[Battle of Hafrsfjord]], and [[Norway]] was unified into one kingdom.
* The [[Medieval Warm Period]] begins.
* The [[Coptic period]], at its most broad definition, ends.
* Page from [[Koran]] ([[Surah II]]:286 and title [[Surah III]]) in [[kufic]] script, from [[Syria]], is made. Now kept at The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]].

==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
{{see also|Timeline of historic inventions#9th century}}
* [[Algebra]] by [[Al-Khwarizmi]]
*[[Quadratic equations]]: Indian mathematician [[Sridhara| 
 Śrīdharācārya]] derived the quadratic formula used for solving quadratic equations.
* First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source—illustration shows crank, first known use of a crank in the West ([[Utrecht Psalter]], [[843]])
* First known printed book, the ''[[Diamond Sutra]]'', printed in China using [[woodblock printing]] in 868.
* Invention of [[gunpowder]] by Chinese [[Taoist]] [[Alchemy|Alchemists]].
* [[Chess]] reaches [[Japan]].
* [[Vulgar Latin]] begins to develop into various [[Romance languages]].
* Two syllabaries or [[kana]] are developed from simplified Chinese characters in [[Japan]].
* The [[Tibetan script|Tibetan Script]] had its third and last orthographical reform.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of 9th-century Muslim history]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Comans |first=Michael |year=2000 |title=The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Chandradhar |year=1962 |title=Indian Philosophy: A Critical Survey|publisher=Barnes & Noble|location=New York }}

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