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{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
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{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
| name             = Felix
| title            = [[Bishop of the East Angles]]
| image            = Felix of Burgundy.jpg
| alt              = photograph of statue of Felix in a church
| imagesize        = 180px
|caption           = A statue of Felix, part of a [[reredos]] by [[John Pollard Seddon|J.P. Seddon]] (1885) at [[St Peter Mancroft]], [[Norwich]]
| see              = [[Diocese of Dommoc|Dommoc]]
| appointed        = {{circa|630}}
| ended            = {{circa|648}}
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = [[Thomas (bishop)|Thomas]]
| birth_place      = Burgundy
| death_date       = 8 March 647 or 648
| death_place      = Dunwich
|feast_day         =  8 March
| venerated        = [[Church of England]]<ref name="Chu">{{cite web |title=The Calendar |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |publisher=[[Church of England]] |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228081122/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |archive-date=28 December 2022}}</ref> <br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<br> [[Catholic Church]]
| attributes      =
| patronage       =
}}

'''Felix of Burgundy''' (died 8 March 647 or 648), also known as '''Felix of Dunwich''', was a [[saint]] and the first bishop of the [[kingdom of the East Angles]]. He is widely credited as the man who introduced Christianity to the kingdom. Almost all that is known about him comes from the ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]'', completed by the English historian [[Bede]] in about 731, and the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]''. Bede wrote that Felix freed "the whole of this kingdom from long-standing evil and unhappiness".{{sfn|Grossi|2021|pp=63{{ndash}}64}}

Felix came from the [[Francia|Frankish]] kingdom of [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundy]], and may have been a priest at one of the monasteries in Francia founded by the Irish missionary [[Columbanus]]—he may have been [[Bishop of Châlons]], before being forced to seek refuge elsewhere. Felix travelled from Burgundy to [[Canterbury]] before being sent by Archbishop [[Honorius of Canterbury]] to [[Sigeberht of East Anglia]]'s kingdom in about 630 (travelling by sea to [[Babingley]] in Norfolk, according to local legend). Upon his arrival in East Anglia, Sigeberht gave him a [[Episcopal see|see]] at [[Dommoc]], possibly at [[Walton, Suffolk]] near [[Felixstowe]], or [[Dunwich]] in [[Suffolk]]. According to Bede, Felix helped Sigeberht to establish a school in his kingdom "where boys could be taught letters".{{sfn|Bede|1999|p=138}}{{sfn|Orme|2006|p=22}}

Felix died on 8 March 647 or 648, having been bishop for 17 years. His [[relic]]s were translated from Dommoc to [[Soham Abbey]] and then to the abbey at [[Ramsey Abbey|Ramsey]]. After his death, he was venerated as a saint; several English churches are dedicated to him. Felix's feast date is 8 March.

==Background and early life==
Felix was born in the [[Franks|Frankish]] kingdom of [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundy]], although his name prevents historians from conclusively identifying his nationality.{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}}{{sfn|Blair|1990|p=108}} According to the English historian [[Bede]], he was ordained in Burgundy.{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}}{{sfn|Bede|1999|p=99}} 

The historian [[Peter Hunter Blair]] suggested it is possible that Felix was associated with Irish [[Missionary|missionary activity]] in [[Francia]], which was centred in Burgundy and was particularly associated with the Irish missionary [[Columbanus]] and [[Luxeuil Abbey]].{{sfn|Blair|1990|p=108}} Columbanus had arrived in Francia in about 590, after going into voluntary exile. A few years later he founded the monastery at Luxeuil.{{sfn|Lapidge|1997|pp=2, 8{{ndash}}10}}

[[File:Frankish dominions 629.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|alt=map of 7th century Frankish lands |The Frankish dominions {{circa|629}}, which included Felix's native land of Burgundy]]
At this time, associations existed between the kingdoms of Francia and [[Kingdom of East Anglia|East Anglia]], a small independent [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] kingdom that mainly comprised what are now the English counties of [[Norfolk]] and [[Suffolk]].{{sfn|Yorke|2002|p=65}}{{sfn|Hoggett|2010|p=1}} The 7th century jewelled grave goods found at [[Sutton Hoo]] display manufacturing technologies that are likely to be of Frankish origin, and materials that arrived in East Anglia via Francia.{{sfn|Yorke|2002|p=65}} The connection between the East Anglian [[Wuffingas]] dynasty and the Frankish abbess [[Burgundofara]] at [[Faremoutiers Abbey]] was an example the link between the Church in the kingdom of East Anglia and religious establishments in Francia.{{sfn|Wood|Lund|Sawyer|1996|p=8}}  

Such associations were partly due to the work of Columbanus and his disciples at Luxeuil; together with [[Eustace of Luxeuil|Eustace]], his successor, Columbanus inspired Burgundofara to found the abbey at Faremoutiers. It has been suggested that a connection between the disciples of Columbanus (who strongly influenced the Christians of Northern Burgundy) and Felix, helps to explain how the Wuffingas dynasty established its links with Faremoutiers.{{sfn|Wood|Lund|Sawyer|1996|p=8}} 

The historian [[N. J. Higham]] notes several suggestions for where Felix may have originated, including Luxeuil, Châlons or the area around [[Autun]]. Other historians have made connections between Felix and the Burgundian king [[Dagobert I]], who had contact with both King [[Sigeberht of East Anglia]] and [[Amandus]], a disciple of Columbanus.{{sfn|Higham|1997|loc=p. 199, note 11}}

The historians Judith McClure and [[Roger Collins]] have noted the possibility that Felix, who was already [[Consecration|consecrate]]d as a bishop in Burgundy, may have become a political fugitive in Francia before his arrival in East Anglia. A bishop named Felix held the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons|see of Châlons]] in 626 or 627, but was deprived of his see following the death of the Frankish king [[Chlothar II]] in 629.{{sfn|Bede|1999|pp=381{{ndash}}382}}

==Arrival in the kingdom of the East Angles==
Felix is first mentioned in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]''—a collection of [[annal]]s compiled in the late 9th century—under the year 633. "Manuscript A" of the  ''Chronicle'' states that Felix "preached the faith of Christ to the East Angles". Another version of the ''Chronicle'', "Manuscript F", written in the 11th century in both [[Old English]] and [[Latin]], elaborates upon the short statement contained in "Manuscript A":
:"Here there came from the region of Burgundy a bishop who was called Felix, who preached the faith to the people of East Anglia; called here by King Sigeberht; he received a bishopric in Dommoc, in which he remained for seventeen years."{{sfn|Swanton|1997|p=26}}{{sfn|Baker|2000|loc=p. 33: [636] ''Hic Cuicelm rex baptizatus est. 'Hic de Burgeindie partibus uneit 'episcopus' quidam nomine Felix, qui predicauit fidem populous Orientalium Anglorum; hic accersitus a Sigeberto rege, suscipit episc(o)patum in Domuce, in quo sedit .xvii. annis' ''}}

[[File:The ruined church of St Felix - blocked chancel arch - geograph.org.uk - 1528074.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of ruins at Babingley |The [[Late Middle Ages|late medieval]] remains of the parish church in [[Babingley]], Norfolk. One of three churches in [[East Anglia]] dedicated to the saint, the dedication suggests that a pre-[[Norman Conquest|Conquest]] church once existed at or nearby to the site.<ref name="HEBab">{{cite web |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1020767?section=official-list-entry |title=St Felix's Church, Babingley |date=|publisher=[[Historic England]] |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]
According to Bede, Felix was sent to promote Christianity in the land of the East Angles by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Honorius of Canterbury|Honorius]].{{sfn|Grossi|2021|pp=63{{ndash}}64}} Bede wrote of the exertions of Sigeberht, king of the East Angles: 
:"As soon as he began to reign he made it his business to see that the whole kingdom shared his faith. Bishop Felix most nobly supported his efforts. This bishop, who had been born and consecrated in Burgundy, came to Archbishop Honorius, to whom he expressed his longings; so the archbishop sent him to preach the word of life to this nation of the Angles."{{sfn|Bede|1999|p=99}} 

Among the East Anglian [[tradition]]s associated with Felix, one relates that he founded the church in [[Babingley]], Norfolk, in 631 when he arrived there to convert the East Angles. The ruins stand about {{convert|200|m}} north of where a navigable [[estuary]] once existed, and where Felix is said to have landed.<ref name="HEBab" />{{sfn|Phillips|2000|p=14}} 

Sigeberht was the first English ruler to receive [[baptism]] before becoming king.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=100}} Probably a son of [[Rædwald of East Anglia|Rædwald]] (ruled 599 to 624) and the brother of Rædwald's successor, [[Eorpwald of East Anglia|Eorpwald]],{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|pp=70, 97{{ndash}}100}} he was forced into exile during Rædwald's rule, after which he became a devout Christian and a man of learning.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|pp=70, 97{{ndash}}100}} In about 627, Eorpwald was killed by [[Ricberht of East Anglia|Ricberht]], who then ruled the East Angles for three years. Sigeberht became king of the East Angles after Richberht's death in 630.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=99}} According to the historian Marios Costambeys, Felix's arrival in East Anglia seems to have coincided with the start of a new period of order established by Sigeberht when he became king. Costambeys adds that Sigeberht's accession may have been the reason Honorius decided to send Felix to East Anglia.{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}} Peter Hunter Blair challenged the assertion by mediaeval sources that spoke of Felix and Sigeberht travelling together from Francia to England, as in his view the text of the ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' can be taken to mean that Felix went to East Anglia because he was prompted to by Honorius.{{sfn|Blair|1990|p=108}}

==Bishop of the East Angles==
Soon after his arrival at Sigeberht's court, in about 630 or 631,{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Roy|Porter|1996|p=216}} Felix established his [[diocese|episcopal see]] at Dommoc, which is widely considered by scholars to have been [[Dunwich]], Suffolk,{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}} a thriving town in the [[Middle Ages]]. Dunwich has since been destroyed by the effects of [[coastal erosion]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |last1=Whiteley |first1=David |title=Dunwich: The storms that destroyed 'lost town' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-35549952 |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228074023/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-suffolk-35549952 |archive-date=28 December 2022}}</ref> The historian Richard Hoggett has suggested that Felix's see was at [[Walton Castle, Suffolk|Walton Castle]], near [[Felixstowe]], where a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] fort once existed. According to Hoggett, "Walton Castle [was] a fitting site for the king's new bishopric and one which he was well within his rights to gift to Felix", being located near the [[River Deben|Deben valley]], where both the [[royal vill]] at [[Rendlesham]] and the burial-ground at Sutton Hoo were sited.{{sfn|Hoggett|2010|p=38}} A church and [[priory]] were dedicated to Felix at Walton by [[Roger Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk]], soon after 1106.{{sfn|Fairclough|Plunkett|2000|p=436}}

Bede related that Felix started a school, "where boys could be taught letters", to provide Sigeberht with teachers.{{sfn|Bede|1999|p=138}}{{sfn|Orme|2006|p=22}} Bede is unclear as to the origin of the teachers at the school that Felix established; they may have been from [[kingdom of Kent]], where a system of educating youngsters to become priests had been in existence since the [[Augustinian mission]] of 597, and where education was used to promote Christian learning throughout all levels of society.{{sfn|Blair|1990|p=108}}{{sfn|Warner|1996|pp=109{{ndash}}110}} There is no evidence that Felix's school was at [[Soham Abbey]], as stated by later sources.{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}} The ''Liber Eliensis'' mentioned that Felix also founded Soham Abbey and a church at [[Reedham, Norfolk]]: "Indeed, one reads in an English source that St Felix was the original founder of the old monastery of Sehem and of the church at Redham".{{sfn|Fairweather|2005|p=20}} According to the historian Margaret Gallyon, the large size of the East Anglian diocese would have made the foundation of a second religious establishment at Soham "appear very probable".{{sfn|Gallyon|1973|p=61}}

Bede praised Felix, writing that he had freed "the whole of this kingdom from long-standing evil and unhappiness".{{sfn|Grossi|2021|pp=63{{ndash}}64}} During his years as bishop, the East Anglian Church was made still stronger when the Irish monk [[Fursey]] arrived from Ireland and founded a monastery, at Cnobheresburg, probably located at [[Burgh Castle]], in Norfolk.{{sfn|Butler|1999|p=74}}

==Death and veneration==
[[File:The tower of St Felix's church, Felixkirk - geograph.org.uk - 1910594.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph of the church at Felixkirk|St Felix's Church, [[Felixkirk]], [[Yorkshire]]. The building dates from the 12th century.<ref name="HE">{{cite web |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1241255?section=official-list-entry |title=Church of St Felix |date=|publisher=[[Historic England]] |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]
Felix died in 647 or 648, after he had been bishop for 17 years.{{sfn|Kirby|2000|p=66}} Following his death, which probably occurred during the reign of [[Anna of East Anglia]],{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}} [[Thomas (bishop)|Thomas]], a [[The Fens|Fenman]], became the second Bishop of the East Angles.{{sfn|Butler|1999|p=74}} 

Felix was buried at Dommoc, but his [[relic]]s were at a later date removed to Soham, according to the 12th century English historian [[William of Malmesbury]]. His [[shrine]] was desecrated by the [[Vikings]] when the church was destroyed.{{sfn|Butler|1999|p=74}} According to William, some time later "the body of the saint was looked for and found, and buried at [[Ramsey Abbey]]".{{sfn|Preest|2002|p=96}} Ramsey was noted for its enthusiasm for collecting saints' relics,{{sfn|Butler|1999|p=74}}{{sfn|Preest|2002|loc=p. 215, note 2}} and in an apparent attempt to get the better of their rivals from the abbey at [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]], the Ramsey monks escaped by rowing their boats through thick Fenland fog, carrying with them the bishop's precious remains.{{sfn|DeWindt|DeWindt|2006|loc=pp. 53, 308 (note 64)}}

Felix's feast day is celebrated on 8 March, the date given by two Anglo-Saxon [[Liturgical year|kalendars]]. He was [[Canonization|canonized]] before the [[East–West Schism|Schism of 1054]], early enough to be venerated in both the East and the West.{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}} There are six churches in England dedicated to the saint, all located in either [[North Yorkshire]] or [[East Anglia]].{{sfn|Pestell|2004|p=97}}

Felix is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Commemoration (Anglicanism)|commemoration]] on [[March 8|8 March]].<ref name="Chu" /> The Yorkshire village of [[Felixkirk]] and the town of Felixstowe may both have been named after the saint, though an alternative meaning for Felixstowe, "the ''stow'' of Filica", has been suggested.{{sfn|Costambeys|2004}}{{sfn|Ekwall|1960|p=177}}
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{PASE|2478|Felix 2}}

{{Bishops of the East Angles}}
{{Anglo-Saxon saints}}
{{Authority control}}

{{short description|7th-century Bishop of Dunwich and saint}}

{{Featured article}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Felix Of Burgundy}}
[[Category:Bishops of the East Angles]]
[[Category:647 deaths]]
[[Category:East Anglian saints]]
[[Category:7th-century English bishops]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Burials in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]